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Home/Iper Mag/Benessere/La dieta vegetariana in gravidanza

La dieta vegetariana in gravidanza

Una dieta ricca di proteine vegetali può garantire il giusto apporto di nutriente necessario a soddisfare il fabbisogno, oltre che della madre, del piccolo?
Ne parliamo con la dottoressa Stefania Setti, Medico Nutrizionista di Humanitas Gavazzeni.

DI COSA SI NUTRE UN VEGETARIANO?

Esistono diversi tipi di dieta vegetariana: quella latto-ovo-vegetariana, che esclude in toto carne e pesce, è la dieta vegetariana classica universalmente nota; quella ovo-vegetariana che esclude tutti i prodotti di derivazione animale tranne le uova; quella latto-vegetariana che esclude tutti i prodotti di derivazione animale tranne latte e latticini e, infine, la dieta vegana, detta anche vegetaliana, che non prevede l'assunzione di alcun derivato animale.

È RISCHIOSO SEGUIRE UNA DIETA VEGETARIANA IN GRAVIDANZA?

La gravidanza è un periodo particolare per la donna durante il quale l’alimentazione gioca un ruolo fondamentale nello sviluppo del feto.
È importante che la mamma adotti un regime alimentare equilibrato e vario cercando di fornire tutti i nutrienti necessari alla crescita del piccolo. In particolare sono fondamentali acido folico e Vitamina B12.
L’Acido Folico, è un elemento importante da subito per la prevenzione delle malformazioni fetali ed in particolare per un corretto sviluppo del Sistema Nervoso centrale.
La verdura a foglie verde scuro, i cereali integrali ed i legumi costituiscono delle ricche fonti di Acido Folico e quindi normalmente la Dieta Vegetariana risulta ricca di Acido Folico, e potrebbe permettere di raggiungere la RDA di 350-400 mcg anche senza l’uso di supplementi, che sono però comunque consigliati. Anche il fabbisogno della Vitamina B12 (importante per lo sviluppo del Sistema Nervoso e la sintesi dei tessuti), normalmente di 2.0 mcg, aumenta a 2.2 mcg in gravidanza e può quindi rendersi necessaria un’eventuale integrazione soprattutto nel caso di diete assolutamente prive di qualsiasi alimento di origine animale.
 

UNA DIETA VEGETARIANA QUALI CARENZE PUÓ PROVOCARE?

Le diete vegetariane se mal pianificate, in particolar modo durante la gravidanza, possono essere carenti di nutrienti quali proteine, ferro, zinco, calcio, acidi grassi omega-3, retinolo (vitamina A), vitamina D, riboflavina (vitamina B2) e iodio. I vegani possono avere deficit marcati di calcio.

Del tutto inevitabile invece, a meno di non ricorrere ad integratori chimici, la carenza di vitamina B12 nonché un livello inferiore di creatina rispetto al resto della popolazione, poiché presenti solo in alimenti di origine animale.
La vitamina B12, importante non solo nella fase di gestazione ma anche durante l’allattamento, influisce sul processo di crescita del piccolo. In natura non esistono prodotti vegetali con vitamina B12: la sua unica fonte sono gli alimenti di origine animale.

Calcio e Vitamina D lavorano in sintonia per garantire lo sviluppo di denti ed ossa. L’assorbimento di Calcio aumenta durante la gravidanza, compensando l’accresciuto fabbisogno, che è di 1200 mg al dì anche durante l’allattamento. Inoltre spesso le donne che seguono questo tipo di dieta per supplire alle carenze di Omega3, che questa può implicare, assumono semi di lino, ma bisogna stare attenti a non esagerare perché possono avere effetti simil estrogenici e gozzanti.

ESISTE UN REGIME ALIMENTARE VEGETARIANO PIÙ ECQUILIBRATO DI ALTRI?

La dieta vegetariana meno estrema, quella latto-ovo-vegetariana, appare la più equilibrata dal punto di vista nutrizionale: calcio e vitamina D sono assicurati dal consumo di latte e latticini; le proteine, oltre che da legumi e cereali, dalle uova; anche l’apporto di vitamina B12, contenuta nel latte e nelle uova, appare adeguato.

COME SI COMPENSA IL FERRO, ABBASTANZA CARENTE NEI VEGETARIANI E ANCOR PIÙ NELLE DONNE IN GRAVIDANZA?

L’anemia da carenza di Ferro è fisiologica in gravidanza, indipendentemente dalla dieta. Tutte le donne durante la gestazione necessitano di alimenti ricchi di Ferro, come verdure con foglie verdi, fagioli e legumi secchi, e frutta secca. Associando tali cibi agli agrumi si può aumentare l’assorbimento di questo minerale. La RDA del Ferro, normalmente di 18 mg nella donna fertile, aumenta a 30 mg (solo in gravidanza). Per soddisfare questa richiesta, quasi sempre è necessaria l’assunzione di supplementi anche in donna che non escludono carne e pesce dalla loro dieta, quindi a maggior ragione per chi li evita.

I cibi vegetali sono ricchissimi di Ferro (legumi, cereali integrali, verdure verdi, frutta secca e semi), ma in questi alimenti il minerale è presente nella forma non-eme, una forma non assorbibile da parte del nostro organismo.
L’anemia da carenza di Ferro non è più diffusa tra i Vegetariani rispetto agli onnivori, anche se i Vegetariani presentano riserve di Ferro più limitate.

Alcuni piccoli accorgimenti sono sufficienti per assumere quantità adeguate di Ferro dai cibi vegetali: accoppiare i cibi ricchi di Ferro con Vitamina C (agrumi, kiwi) così da favorirne l’assorbimento, evitarne l’associazione con cibi ricchi di Calcio (latticini, acque Minerali), tannini (caffè, cioccolato, vino rosso), eliminare i Fitati da legumi e cereali integrali (con accorgimenti quali l’ammollo preventivo seguito da abbondanti risciacqui) poiché tutte queste sostanze possono ridurre l’assorbimento del ferro.

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